Library

Resources & Insights

Publications, research, and documentation from the Bitcoin Unlimited community.

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Technical

Topics and Published Papers

Deep technical content exploring Bitcoin scaling solutions, protocol improvements, and research papers.

Technical Papers & Documents

Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System

Satoshi Nakamoto

The original Bitcoin whitepaper describing a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash that allows online payments without a trusted third party.

October 31, 2008PDF

A Transaction Fee Market Exists Without a Block Size Limit

Peter R. Rizun

This paper shows how a rational Bitcoin miner charges transaction fees even without a protocol-enforced block size limit, due to the orphaning risk of larger blocks.

August 4, 2015PDF

Subchains: A Technique to Scale Bitcoin and Improve the User Experience

Peter R. Rizun

A technique using nested weak blocks to scale Bitcoin on-chain while giving users faster, incremental confirmation of their transactions.

December 31, 2016PDF

An Examination of Single-Transaction Blocks and Their Effect on Network Throughput and Block Size

Andrew Stone

An empirical analysis of coinbase-only blocks and their effect on network throughput and effective block size.

PDF

Bitcoin Unlimited: Articles of Federation

Bitcoin Unlimited

The founding document of the Bitcoin Unlimited project, describing its vision of Bitcoin as a worldwide public good and its governance.

PDF

Technical Articles on Medium

The "Excessive-Block" Gate: How a Bitcoin Unlimited Node Deals With Large Blocks

Peter R.

An exploration of how Bitcoin Unlimited nodes handle blocks that exceed the configured excessive block size parameter.

November 16, 2016Medium

Towards Massive On-Chain Scaling: Presenting Our Block Propagation Results with Xthin

Peter R.

Initial results from block propagation experiments using the Xthin protocol, demonstrating significant improvements in block transmission efficiency.

May 5, 2016Medium

Towards Massive On-Chain Scaling: Block Propagation Results With Xthin (Part 2)

Peter R.

Continued analysis of Xthin protocol performance showing compression ratios and propagation speeds across different network conditions.

May 16, 2016Medium

Towards Massive On-Chain Scaling: Block Propagation Results With Xthin (Part 3)

Peter R.

Further improvements to the Xthin protocol and comprehensive testing results from the Bitcoin Unlimited network.

June 2, 2016Medium

Towards Massive On-Chain Scaling: Block Propagation Results With Xthin (Part 4)

Peter R.

Analysis of Xthin performance under various block sizes and network latency conditions, with implications for scaling.

June 14, 2016Medium

Towards Massive On-Chain Scaling: Block Propagation Results With Xthin (Part 5)

Peter R.

Final results and conclusions from the Xthin block propagation experiments, demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale on-chain scaling.

August 3, 2016Medium

Community

Non-Technical Articles

Accessible content about Bitcoin Unlimited's vision, governance, and community initiatives.

From Bitcoin to Nexa: Advancing the UTXO Model for Global Enterprise Finance

Explore more about the innovative Nexa blockchain project on Bitcoin.com, a L1 aiming to lead in enterprise-ready solutions targeting art, collectibles, and more.

September 22, 2025

Why Scalability Matters

Discover the history of Bitcoin Unlimited's approach to innovative technological advancements such as graphene, Tailstorm, FPGA hardware acceleration and reimagined UTXO architecture.

September 18, 2025

Why Decentralised Organisations Matter for Bitcoin and Blockchain

Learn how Bitcoin Unlimited accelerates blockchain adoption with decentralised governance and scalable solutions for Bitcoin and peer-to-peer cash.

September 15, 2025
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